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There is evidence of soap made in Mediterranean countries around 2500 years ago. The basic process has not changed much although now the chemistry is understood. Soap is made from the process called saponification, the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. It is essentially the reverse of esterification.
O O
R-C-O-R' + NaOH ---- R-C-O-Na+ + R'OH
Ester(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(soap) + alcohol(glycerol).
Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) can be used instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury...
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