The Wars of Independence in Latin America

Essay text:

& independence favored o 1811-1814 Civil War in Venezuela ? Royalists vs. slaves and llaneros (Venezuelan cowboys) ? Exiled to Columbia then Jamaica o 1816 invasion w/Haiti of Venezuela o 1821 captured Caracas, became president o 1822 joined San Martin to liberate Quito ? San Martin=monarchism, Bolivar=republicanism ? San Martin went into exile in Europe o Dec. 9, 1824 Battle of Ayacucho ? Spanish royalists are defeated ? Independence in New Spain o Outcome of Latin American colonial revolution o Miguel Hidalgo called for an Indian rebellion ? Wanted social change ? Had 80 thousand followers to capture cities ? Executed in 1811 o Morelos was new leader ? More radical ? Executed in 1815 o Demand for reform in Mexico ? 1820 Ferdinand VII liberal constitution makes them uneasy ? 1821 Augustin de Iturbide declared Mexico independent of Spain ? Declared emperor ? Brazilian Independence o Portuguese took refuge in 1807 o Made into a court city o Joao expanded trade, he was from Portugal o made Brazil a kingdom in 1815 o 1820 Portugal demands Joao back, and Brazil to go back to colonial state ? 1822 He told his son Dom Pedro, new ruler, to be nice to Brazilians ? Stayed that way until 1889 o Achieved independence easily, prospered right away ? Consequences of Latin American Independence o Politically unstable, economically hurt o Different people threatened governments o 1830 production was worse than 1800 ? Flooded mines ? Dead livestock o Bad trade o Peninsulares returned to Spain o Looked to Britain for protection and money